The Longest Running Fued is the Sunni and Shia Conflict

The Sunni and Shia conflict is currently the longest running feud in the world. Both groups possess an extreme hatred for one another. Over the years, these two groups have openly expressed their hatred with one another through violent killings. This split between the Shia and Sunni originates all the way back in the 7th century. Their difference was based on political differences. As a part of my essay I will explain the difference and origins of the split between the Shi’a and Sunni and also cover the current issues between them. I have always assumed that the Sunni and Shia conflict is similar to the war between the Catholic and Protestant, however it is much more complex and different. These two branches of Islam share the same Holy Book and all agree that Allah is there God. Sunni and Shia both believe that the last prophet was Muhammad. However, when Muhammad died, there was a disagreement of who would be Muhammad’s successor. There were two candidates to be the successor of Muhammad, Abu Bakr and Ali bin Abi Talib. Ali bin Abi Talib was Muhammad’s cousin and son-in law. Abu Bakr was Muhammad’s friend and senior companion. The Sunni Muslims believed that the leadership should be granted to the person with most experience. On the other hand, the Shi’a believed the decision should be based purely through Muhammad’s bloodline. The majority of Muslim ended up choosing Abu Bakr to be the Caliph (successor). However, Abu Bakr’s rule was shortlived when he died in 634 C E.

Egypt And Inca Comparative Essay - 915 Words

Egypt and Inca Comparative Essay Ancient civilizations offer historical insights into the past that uncover mysteries unbeknownst to many and the discoveries, are fascinating to say the least. Two states in particular that peaked my interest were Egypt and the Inca Empire. Egypt offers insight to a civilization beginning in the predynastic period through periods of integration and into periods of collapse, roughly 4500 B.C. to 712 B.C. The Inca Empire occurred much later, during the 15th century. Regardless, both civilizations were innovated by their own fashion and both contributed to impacting future civilizations. The Inca Empire was known as Tawantinsuyu, â€Å"The Four Parts Together† and thrived for over a century, binding together a far-reaching domain under the royal Inca residing in the capital city of Cuzco (Chazan 2014:382). This vast multiethnic region spanned from Ecuador to northern Chile, encompassing heterogeneous regions of the pacific coast dry desert, interm ountain valley and tropical lowlands of the Amazon. The population is estimated to have been over 12 million during the empires rule. Large cities, an extensive and sophisticated road network, a record keeping system known as Khipu and a multi-level hierarchy were all attributes of the Inca empire. The Inca Empire was heavily rooted and influenced by the Wari civilization in reference to the road and agricultural system. The Inca took this technology, up- scaling it and building on their knowledge. TheShow MoreRelatedInstitution as the Fundamental Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words   |  160 Pagesof scale, education, capital accumulation etc.) are not causes of growth; they are growth† (italics in original). Factor accumulation and innovation are only proximate causes of growth. In North and Thomas’s view, the fundamental explanation of comparative growth is diï ¬â‚¬erences in institutions. What are institutions exactly? North (1990, p. 3) oï ¬â‚¬ers the followin g deï ¬ nition: â€Å"Institutions are the rules of the game in a society or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction

Science of Consumer Behavior

Questioin: Explore the selection of holiday destination based on consumer behavior. Answer: Introduction A holiday is defined as the set of days or day in which individuals try to refresh their minds through activities which are different from their normal daily activities. Such extended period of leisure is an important tool for people to steer away from the tensions of mundane life and rejuvenate their souls (Ahn, et al., 2013). Therefore, it can be said that holidays are necessary for every individual to as it brings about greater refreshed energy. However while selecting any holiday destination, individuals would need to make note of certain aspects. . Holiday planning and selection of destination is mainly dependent on the two factors. They are budget and time. In the recent scenario, tourism industry has become an emerging industry which provides a lot of fun and enjoyment (Gssling et al., 2012). The industry mainly depends on the choice, taste and the culture of the tourists. Selection of tourist destination varies from person to person. Vacations can be relaxing or adventurous a nd this solely depends on the age and the mentality of the individuals. Travelling companion or partners are also an important criterion in selecting and enjoying a holiday destination. In this assignment, five surveys were done out of which three have been selected. The responses of the attendants were thoroughly justified in coming to the conclusion. According to the response, demographic factors and personality are responsible for selecting a holiday tour. Literature review The personality of a person is an important factor in choosing a holiday destination. According to Alamanos, et al., (2014) individuals who are adventure friendly choose holiday destinations where they can enjoy scuba diving, gliding, hill climbing, or any other adventurous activities. On the other hand, Ashworth and Goodall (2012) opine that people, who enjoy relaxation, choose places where they can relax with their friends, colleagues or families. Shopping destinations are thronged by individuals who enjoy shopping Therefore, it can be understood that individuals who like adventure, choose destinations which gives them an adrenaline rush. Moreover, companions are also important in selecting a holiday destination (Cohen, et al., 2014). Selection of holiday destination also changes when individuals decide to go on holiday either with their friends, families or colleagues. Rich people with high profile choose exotic locations whereas couples mainly prefer locations which are very clos e to nature and have calmness around the location. Travelers choose holiday locations where they can enjoy themselves to the fullest. Demographics is also another factor which helps an individual in selecting their holiday places. Age is the most important criteria in selecting a holiday destination. According to Fontes, et al., (2015), teenagers and young people like places where they can have adventure as well entertainment. They are always eager at exploring new places. They always choose places which offer such adventure and entertainment and they include places like Tristan da Cunha in the United Kingdom, Mawsynram in India, Barcelona Cones and much more (Gssling et al., 2012). People in the age group of the late twenties and early thirties like to visit adventurous places. On the other hand, according to Gabriel and Lang, (2015), others prefer calm places as their holiday destination. The budget is also another important factor. Teenagers do not have enough money while working class individuals are more financially stable when it comes to holidaying. Ethnicity is also another important factor while selecting holiday destinations. Survey results In this assignment, five people were surveyed among which three have been selected. In our selection, we have selected two female and one male respondent. All of them are highly educated and are working professionals. It was observed that these individuals rated holiday destinations based on certain factors. Moreover, the three respondents have varied income level and different demographic quality. Analysis The response of the respondents was thoroughly analyzed by the researcher, and various marking criteria have been selected. On the basis of the response, it has been found that personality and demographic factor are the important issues. Personality From the survey of the three different persons, it can be understood that time duration is an important criterion in selecting a holiday spot according to respondent 2. While Respondent 3 give more importance to cost, whereas respondent 5 gives importance to activities. According to Respondent 2 accommodation and transportation occupies the least importance position. Therefore, it can be said that companions and partners of the "respondent 2" like adventurous places and they are less concerned about transportation and accommodation. She also chooses activities as the second most important factor while selecting a holiday destination. Thus, affirming once again that she is an adventure loving person. She is also highly educated and a Ph.D. holder. This shows that she is an educated person. Moreover price and food is also least important to her. Her best holiday destination is Barossa Valley in Australia because she is an adventure loving individual (Gssling et al., 2012). All the disc ussions about her show that in visiting Australia, she will be profitable in all aspects. "Respondent 3" gives most importance to cost while selecting a holiday tour. Therefore, it can be said that he give importance to value for money while selecting a holiday destination. He always wants to evaluate the value of service in terms of the money he contributes. It can also be said that since his income level is also not much high, he may not be able to spend heavily on holidays. The second most important rating according to him is activities. Therefore, he too likes adventure. The other remaining criteria are of least importance to him, and it can be said that that money is the important factor for him while selecting a holiday destination. He is also highly qualified and has the highest degree of bachelor education. He prefers Hong Kong as the desired location for vacationing with families and friends. Like "Respondent 2" food and accommodation are also of least importance to him. According to him, food and accommodation services available in Hong Kong are not of very high and are unable to fulfill his expectations. The food and accommodation quality of Hong Kong is also rated worst as compared to other countries (Phau, et al., 2014).. According to him, Hong Kong is a place where the expense is moderate and middle-class families can afford to spend holidays in Hong Kong. Therefore, it can be said that Hong Kong is the best place for him to spend leisure times. Respondent 5 chooses activities as the most important criterion in selecting a holiday destination. She likes to visit New Zealand as his preferred destination. She is a fun loving and adventurous person. She has also given importance to the cost while selecting her desired destination to spend her leisure times. Duration and transportation are of least importance to her (Jacobsen, et al., 2012). She had rated New Zealand as a moderate place for in terms of cost, duration, and accommodation for spending times on activities. So it can be said that New Zealand has matched his preference and personality. Demographic Demographic quality is an important factor in selecting holiday destinations. The respondents who were selected are highly educated individuals who are aged above forty. Respondent 2 and Respondent 3 were married while respondent 5 was divorced. It has been found that "Respondent 5" is a citizen of New Zealand and she likes exploring different parts of New Zealand. This also means that she is not comfortable in visiting places outside New Zealand. She is a manager of a company in New Zealand, and her age is above 59 years. It may also be assumed that she does not have enough money for visiting places outside New Zealand. She is also highly moody and needs affiliation. She is an independent woman and has enough power. She also has an extroverted character and is always open to new experiences. These factors play an important role in selecting the holiday destinations (Nicolau Mas, 2015). Respondent 2 is interested in exploring Barossa Valley and her demographic character suggests that she is open to new experiences. She has also got a unique character which can be easily differentiated from others. She has a fascination for tours. She had a family, and her age is near about 43 years. Her companion is her husband, and this is an added advantage for her in business trips. Her demographic qualities also show that she is an adventurous person and would like to travel with her husband. Respondent 3 prefers Hong Kong as his tourist destination. He is a 51 year old man with wife and children. He has always been open to new experiences. He thinks Hong Kong to be dream place to enjoy his leisure times. He loves to travel with his family and has a fascination for Hong Kong. This shows that Hong Kong is the dream place for him. Recommendations Based on the analysis of the respondents regarding the influence of demographic factors on consumer behavior the following recommendations have been suggested. Proper analysis of companion and partners. Prior knowledge about the holiday destination. Thorough analysis of tourist preference and their needs. Identification of the season which draws greater travel and vacationing. Gathering knowledge about the culture of the people. Conclusion The researcher has thoroughly identified the personal traits among the individuals in selecting their holiday destination. The demographic condition also helps to find out the taste of the people. Apart from time and budget, there are several other factors responsible for selecting a holiday destination. The three respondents also have different views in selecting their holiday destination. Companions, partners, income, and age also influence their preference of selecting a holiday destination. Mood and eagerness also help in selecting the holiday destination of people. Thus apart from budget and duration others factors also influence human beings in selecting information. References Ahn, T., Ekinci, Y., Li, G. (2013). Self-congruence, functional congruence, and destination choice.Journal of Business Research,66(6), 719-723. Alamanos, E., Kuznesof, S., Ritson, C. (2014). The influence of holidays on wine purchasing behaviour: marketing and tourism insights based on a holiday experience in Greece.International Journal of Tourism Research. Ashworth, G., Goodall, B. (2012).Marketing tourism places(Vol. 2). Routledge. Cohen, S. A., Prayag, G., Moital, M. (2014). Consumer behaviour in tourism: Concepts, influences and opportunities.Current Issues in Tourism,17(10), 872-909. Fontes, M. A., Giraud-Hraud, E., Pinto, A. S. (2015). Consumers Behaviour Towards Food Safety: A Literature Review. InFood Safety, Market Organization, Trade and Development(pp. 111-131). Springer International Publishing. Gabriel, Y., Lang, T. (2015).The unmanageable consumer. Sage. Gssling, S., Scott, D., Hall, C. M., Ceron, J. P., Dubois, G. (2012). Consumer behaviour and demand response of tourists to climate change.Annals of Tourism Research,39(1), 36-58. Horner, S., Swarbrooke, J. (2016).Consumer behaviour in tourism. Routledge. Jacobsen, J. K. S., Munar, A. M. (2012). Tourist information search and destination choice in a digital age.Tourism Management Perspectives,1, 39-47. Nicolau, J. L., Mas, F. J. (2015). Detecting free riders in collective brands through a hierarchical choice process.Journal of Travel Research,54(3), 288-301. Phau, I., Quintal, V., Shanka, T. (2014). Examining a consumption values theory approach of young tourists toward destination choice intentions.International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research,8(2), 125-139.

Tool Essay Research Paper ESSAY OUTLINE FORMMain free essay sample

Tool Essay, Research Paper ESSAY OUTLINE FORM Main ( Controling ) Idea of the essay: Three chief points of statement ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Introduction: [ Introduction should get down on a general degree with lead-in statements and bit by bit concentrate in on the specific subject of the essay. In the debut, the reader should happen the chief thought of the essay expressed in the thesis sentence. Besides in the debut, the reader should be able to state what specific points about the chief thought will be discussed and in what order they will be developed. The lead in statements could ( 1 ) do a dramatic averment, ( 2 ) usage a split anecdote ( a narrative that is begun in the debut and is finished in the decision ) , ( 3 ) use an interesting item, statistic, or citation, or ( 4 ) inquire a provocative inquiry. The debut should do the reader want to go on reading. ] Lead-in statements: Thesis ( which includes points of statement ) : Body: [ Each subject sentence should be a major point of statement which supports the thesis statement. Primary support sentences are general statements which support the subject sentence. The secondary support sentences ( or concrete illustrations ) , which support the primary support sentences, provide specific inside informations, quotation marks, statistics, or real-life illustrations. ] Body Paragraph 1 ( develops foremost point of statement ) : Topic sentence Primary Support: Secondary Support: Primary Support: Secondary Support: Primary Support: Secondary Support: Body Paragraph 2 ( develops 2nd point of statement ) : Topic sentence: Primary Support: Secondary Support: Primary Support: Secondary Support: Primary Support: Secondary Support: Body Paragraph 3 ( develops 3rd point of statement ) : Topic sentence: Primary Support: Secondary Support: Primary Support: Secondary Support: Primary Support: Secondary Support: Decision: [ The reasoning paragraph should include a general sum-up statement which recaps the thesis, a sentence which restates the major points of statement, and a wrap-up statement. The decision could besides incorporate the terminal of a split anecdote which would complete the narrative begun in the debut. The wrap-up statement could incorporate penetrations of the essay author, promote the reader to take action, stress the importance of one of the points of statement, or make a solid sense of conclusiveness. ] General sum-up statement which recaps thesis: Recap major points of statement: Wrap-up statement ( effects and penetrations ) : / gt ; Handouts ESSAY OUTLINE FORM Main ( Controling ) Idea of the essay: Three chief points of statement ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Introduction: [ Introduction should get down on a general degree with lead-in statements and bit by bit concentrate in on the specific subject of the essay. In the debut, the reader should happen the chief thought of the essay expressed in the thesis sentence. Besides in the debut, the reader should be able to state what specific points about the chief thought will be discussed and in what order they will be developed. The lead in statements could ( 1 ) do a dramatic averment, ( 2 ) usage a split anecdote ( a narrative that is begun in the debut and is finished in the decision ) , ( 3 ) use an interesting item, statistic, or citation, or ( 4 ) inquire a provocative inquiry. The debut should do the reader want to go on reading. ] Lead-in statements: Thesis ( which includes points of statement ) : Body: [ Each subject sentence should be a major point of statement which supports the thesis statement. Primary support sentences are general statements which support the subject sentence. The secondary support sentences ( or concrete illustrations ) , which support the primary support sentences, provide specific inside informations, quotation marks, statistics, or real-life illustrations. ] Body Paragraph 1 ( develops foremost point of statement ) : Topic sentence Primary Support: Secondary Support: Primary Support: Secondary Support: Primary Support: Secondary Support: Body Paragraph 2 ( develops 2nd point of statement ) : Topic sentence: Primary Support: Secondary Support: Primary Support: Secondary Support: Primary Support: Secondary Support: Body Paragraph 3 ( develops 3rd point of statement ) : Topic sentence: Primary Support: Secondary Support: Primary Support: Secondary Support: Primary Support: Secondary Support: Decision: [ The reasoning paragraph should include a general sum-up statement which recaps the thesis, a sentence which restates the major points of statement, and a wrap-up statement. The decision could besides incorporate the terminal of a split anecdote which would complete the narrative begun in the debut. The wrap-up statement could incorporate penetrations of the essay author, promote the reader to take action, stress the importance of one of the points of statement, or make a solid sense of conclusiveness. ] General sum-up statement which recaps thesis: Recap major points of statement: Wrap-up statement ( effects and penetrations ) : Handouts ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;

The Last Wave by Peter Weir Essay Example For Students

The Last Wave by Peter Weir Essay SOC 118The Last Wave-Peter Weir dir.(1977)In the film, The Last Wave, the director is trying to communicate the idea of aculture within a culture or sub culture. The dominant culture in the film is the whitemembers of society living in Australia. The subculture in the film is the Aborigines whowere natives to the land before the white people settled in Australia. The nativessustained their cultural beliefs and ideologies while living in largely populated cities. The dominant white culture imposes their laws , ideas of societal values and moralbeliefs on the native Aborigines. Forcing them to abide by a different law system andway of life than what their peoples have practiced for hundreds of years. In the moviethe lawyer, David, represents the dominant culture to the Aborigines because herepresents the law that is controlling their fate in the white culture. The director is also giving us many symbols or visual communication such as theconsistency of water in the film as well as, the overbearing control of darkness. The filmis shot in shadows and overall is very dark , almost forcing us to look beyond the obviousplot and storyline and into the meaning or what the film/director is trying to tell us. Thedarkness in the film can be seen as unconsciousness. It can also be seen as a predictionof the darkness that will occur in the world when the last wave comes. The last wavemeaning a giant tidal wave that will cover the earth , killing humanity. This idea issimilar to the Christian belief in the flood that was sent down centuries ago to destroy allthe evil in the world. Also, all the modern aspects of the movie (courtroom, Davidsoffice..etc) are filmed in light. While, all of the Aborigines scenes are filmed in darknessor shadows. Giving me the impression of something mysterious or not understood by thewhites concerning the Aborigines. The fact that all the modern scenes are filmed in lightcan also support the idea of the white culture being the predominate culture in the filmbut yet not dominant enough to take away the shadows(mysterious , mystical)aspect ofthe Aborigines. The lawyer, David, Also goes through a series of dreams and premonitions. Thisis stressing the idea of mind power and mystical strength that the Aborigines have. Inthat way they can be seen as the dominant culture. David is stuck between two worlds. The world he knows and understands and the other world that he is definitely a part ofbut does not understand. As he tries to grapple with the idea that he may be linked to theAborigines, his own cultural beliefs are changing. He is forming a complex view on life,a combination of ways of viewing the world by both the white Christians and theAborigines. The dream sequences in the film are sometimes difficult to distinguish from thewarped reality that is being portrayed. Overall, they do give us a chance to think andattempt to comprehend what is going through the mind of David. For he cannotdistinguish at times what is real and n ot real. But what is real depends on if you perceiveit as real as an individual. We will write a custom essay on The Last Wave by Peter Weir specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now To me, the film is saying that their is a definite cultural conflict between theChristians and the Aborigines living in Australia. Whichever one the viewer perceives asbeing dominant or subdominant, he will perceive the fact that their is a culture clash. The viewer may also see the idea that the Aborigines(tribal) are not understood in whitesociety and David is the only one who can. He is the link between the two worlds, and atthe same time he is the wall separating them. .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4 , .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4 .postImageUrl , .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4 , .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4:hover , .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4:visited , .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4:active { border:0!important; } .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4:active , .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4 .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Janis Joplin EssayOverall, I feel the film was good concerning the ideas behind the storyline. Butdue in part to the directors fetish for water and darkness, he almost destroys the storylineto me. And without the storyline, you cannot interpret the film in a well structured way. Also, the symbolism is so predominant, it points at the viewers lack of intelligence . Similar to someone repeating themselves while speaking over and over and over andover, merely to stress a point. Too bad by that time the point is beyond stressed it isalmost destroyed completely. Category: Music and Movies

How To Write A Blackberry Picking Sample Essay

How To Write A Blackberry Picking Sample EssayIf you are looking for a way to get some great college grants and money then there is no better place to start than by taking a blackberry picking sample essay and sending it in. It is actually a popular way of earning college grant money and is definitely worth checking out if you don't have the time or inclination to write your own college grant.There are many college grant writers out there that spend so much time crafting their grant that they often forget to put down the meaty parts like the college grant application, college grant proposal, college grant research paper, college grant thesis, and other college grant writing topics. However, this is the very part of a college grant that most students fail to address when they apply for money. College grant applications should be short, crisp, and to the point.Of course, I am not suggesting that college grant writing should be less interesting or challenging, but if your college grant application is missing a little something then you will most likely be rejected. And if you can't even write a blackberry picking sample essay on your own, it is going to be a lot more difficult to get a college grant, no matter how good you think you are.Of course, if you do not have the time to devote to writing a blackberry picking sample essay then you are going to need to find a college grant writer that is willing to help you write one for you. There are many professional grant writers who are willing to do just that. You will probably want to ask around your friends, family, and neighbors who they know of a college grant writer.After you have asked around you should go ahead and use your blackberry picking sample essay as the basis for your conversation with your college grant writer. The easiest way to get your college grant money if you are smart about your grants is to sell yourself.A great example of selling yourself comes from a famous blackberry picking story. Back in t he 1970's, Ray Russell, a prolific blackberry picker, wanted to open a new farm, so he decided to pitch his new business idea to some of his old friends.Unfortunately, his pitch went like this: 'I'm a guy that like to blackberry pick, and I have some wild stories to tell. That is all I can think of to say.' Of course his pitch went over big because he was successful and the friends of his friends told others about him and his story.So, if you want to get a scholarship or win a scholarship then you are going to need to learn some great blackberry picking tips and techniques. This article will show you how to be an exceptional blackberry picking sample essay writer.

3 Causes of Deindustrialization

3 Causes of Deindustrialization Deindustrialization is the process by which manufacturing declines in a society or region as a proportion of total economic activity. It is the opposite of industrialization, and therefore sometimes represents a step backward in the growth of a society’s economy. Causes of Deindustrialization There are a number of reasons why a society might experience a reduction in manufacturing and other heavy industry. A consistent decline in employment in manufacturing, due to social conditions that make such activity impossible (states of war or environmental upheaval). Manufacturing requires access to natural resources and raw materials, without which production would be impossible. At the same time, the rise of industrial activity has done great harm to the very natural resources on which industry depends. In China, for example, industrial activity is responsible for record levels of water depletion and pollution, and in 2014 more than a quarter of the countrys key rivers were deemed unfit for human contact. The consequences of this environmental degradation are making it more difficult for China to sustain its industrial output. The same is happening in other parts of the world where pollution is on the rise.A shift from manufacturing to service sectors of the economy. As countries develop, manufacturing often declines as production is shifted to trading partners where the costs of labor are l ower. This is what happened to the garment industry in the United States. According to a 2016 report by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, apparel experienced the largest decrease among all manufacturing industries with a decrease of 85 percent [over the last 25 years]. Americans are still buying as many clothes as ever, but most apparel companies have moved production overseas. The result is a relative shift in employment from the manufacturing sector to the service sector. A trade deficit whose effects preclude investment in manufacturing. When a country purchases more goods than it sells, it experiences a trade imbalance, which can reduce the resources needed to support domestic manufacturing and other production. In most cases, the trade deficit must become severe before it begins to have a negative effect on manufacturing. Is Deindustrialization Always a Negative? It is easy to view deindustrialization as the result of a suffering economy. In some cases, though, the phenomenon is actually the result of a maturing economy. In the United States, for example, the â€Å"jobless recovery† from the financial crisis of 2008 resulted in deindustrialization without an actual decline in economic activity. Economists Christos Pitelis and Nicholas Antonakis suggest that improved productivity in manufacturing (due to new technology and other efficiencies) leads to a reduction in the cost of goods; these goods then make up a smaller relative portion of the economy in terms of overall GDP. In other words, deindustrialization is not always what it looks like. An apparent reduction may in fact just be the result of increased productivity relative to other economic sectors. Similarly, changes in the economy like those brought about by free trade agreements may lead to a decline in domestic manufacturing. However, these changes usually have no adverse effects on the health of multinational corporations with the resources to outsource manufacturing.